Difference between revisions of "MemEOL"
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var dictionaryMagicNumbers = { | var dictionaryMagicNumbers = { | ||
"Options":["Financial","Effort Required","Environmental Impact","Landfill Impact","Public Perception"], | "Options":["Financial","Effort Required","Environmental Impact","Landfill Impact","Public Perception"], | ||
| − | "Landfill":[0.5,1,0.071948388,0,0], | + | "Landfill":[0.5,1,0.071948388,0,0.25], |
| − | "Incineration":[0,0,0,1,0], | + | "Incineration":[0.25,0,0,1,0], |
| − | "Syngas":[0.25,0.5,0.316055413,0.752683602,0. | + | "Syngas":[0.25,0.5,0.316055413,0.752683602,0.5], |
| − | "EAF":[0.25,0.25,0.393937055,0.934453418,0. | + | "EAF":[0.25,0.25,0.393937055,0.934453418,0.5], |
| − | "Material Recycling":[0.25,0. | + | "Material Recycling":[0.25,0.5,0.530903672,0.431342056,1], |
| − | "Conversion to UF":[0.5,0.25,0.852049802,0.324296173,0. | + | "Conversion to UF":[0.5,0.25,0.852049802,0.324296173,0.5], |
| − | "Reuse as RO":[0.75,0. | + | "Reuse as RO":[0.75,0.75,1,0.324296173,0.75] |
}; | }; | ||
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<div class="tab-content"> | <div class="tab-content"> | ||
<div id="reuse_tool_section1" class="tab-pane panel panel-primary fade active in"> | <div id="reuse_tool_section1" class="tab-pane panel panel-primary fade active in"> | ||
| − | <div class="panel-heading">Do you suspect there is any | + | <div class="panel-heading">Do you suspect there is any [[Membrane Autopsy Techniques| physical damage ]] to the membranes?</div> |
<div class="panel-body"> | <div class="panel-body"> | ||
<html><head></head><body> | <html><head></head><body> | ||
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<li class="list-group-item">[[Membrane Autopsy Techniques|Find out more about membrane damage.]]</li> | <li class="list-group-item">[[Membrane Autopsy Techniques|Find out more about membrane damage.]]</li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
| − | <div class="panel-heading">What is the tested permeability of your membranes (Lm⁻²h⁻¹bar⁻¹)? </div> | + | <div class="panel-heading">What is the average tested permeability of your membranes (Lm⁻²h⁻¹bar⁻¹)? </div> |
<div class="panel-body"> | <div class="panel-body"> | ||
<html><head></head><body> | <html><head></head><body> | ||
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<li class="list-group-item">[[Standardised RO Testing|Find out more about standard testing methods.]]</li> | <li class="list-group-item">[[Standardised RO Testing|Find out more about standard testing methods.]]</li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
| − | <div class="panel-heading">What is the tested NaCl rejection of your membranes? (% NaCl rejection)</div> | + | <div class="panel-heading">What is the average tested NaCl rejection of your membranes? (% NaCl rejection)</div> |
<div class="panel-body"> | <div class="panel-body"> | ||
<html><head></head><body> | <html><head></head><body> | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<ul class="list-group"> | <ul class="list-group"> | ||
| − | <li class="list-group-item">[[MemEOL Assessment Criteria|Find out more about the assessment criteria]]</li> | + | <li class="list-group-item">[[MemEOL Assessment Criteria|Find out more about the assessment criteria.]]</li> |
</ul> | </ul> | ||
<!--<div class="panel-body form-horizontal">--><html><head></head><body> | <!--<div class="panel-body form-horizontal">--><html><head></head><body> | ||
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Landfill is currently the industry standard for disposal of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes. Due to their mostly polymeric composition, membranes are considered inert municipal solid waste in the case of landfill disposal, with no degradation over a measureable time period. Therefore, disposal in landfill has the highest environmental impact of all the considered options, and should be avoided where possible; however, it is the simplest option, with minimal cost. | Landfill is currently the industry standard for disposal of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes. Due to their mostly polymeric composition, membranes are considered inert municipal solid waste in the case of landfill disposal, with no degradation over a measureable time period. Therefore, disposal in landfill has the highest environmental impact of all the considered options, and should be avoided where possible; however, it is the simplest option, with minimal cost. | ||
</body></html> | </body></html> | ||
| − | [[File:Picture of old membranes brightened.jpg|center|x450px]] | + | [[File:Picture of old membranes brightened.jpg|center|x450px|End-of-life membranes awaiting transportation to landfill (Courtesy of NCEDA)']] |
| − | End-of-life membranes awaiting transportation to landfill (Courtesy of NCEDA) | + | ''End-of-life membranes awaiting transportation to landfill (Courtesy of NCEDA)'' |
<html><head></head><body> | <html><head></head><body> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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The use of polymeric membrane components as a substitute carbon source in electric arc furnace steel making process is a new end-of-life approach with many financial and environmental benefits, specifically in terms of diverting waste from landfill<ref name="lawler-2014-C" />. The use of waste plastic and rubber as a substitute for metallurgical coke has been extensively tested in recent years and has also seen commercial use<ref name="sahajwalla" />. This method has been specifically tested with membrane components and the results show that 64% by weight of membrane modules are compatible, including the membrane sheets, as well as the feed and permeate spacers<ref name="lawler-2014-D" />. | The use of polymeric membrane components as a substitute carbon source in electric arc furnace steel making process is a new end-of-life approach with many financial and environmental benefits, specifically in terms of diverting waste from landfill<ref name="lawler-2014-C" />. The use of waste plastic and rubber as a substitute for metallurgical coke has been extensively tested in recent years and has also seen commercial use<ref name="sahajwalla" />. This method has been specifically tested with membrane components and the results show that 64% by weight of membrane modules are compatible, including the membrane sheets, as well as the feed and permeate spacers<ref name="lawler-2014-D" />. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:EAF.PNG|center|371px|Electric Arc Furnace]] | ||
| + | ''Electric Arc Furnace'' | ||
A partial waste polymeric material substitute actually improves the process though increased energy retainment and promotion of the foamy slag, which help protects the electrodes and walls of the furnace. There are however strict requirements for feed quality for this process and any type of contamination can lead to a negative impact on steel quality. Therefore, after the membrane components have been grown to the required size, the material needs to be thoroughly washed to remove any contamination from membrane use. This end-of-life option is most suitable for membrane users with a large number of membranes, or when constant replacement is required. | A partial waste polymeric material substitute actually improves the process though increased energy retainment and promotion of the foamy slag, which help protects the electrodes and walls of the furnace. There are however strict requirements for feed quality for this process and any type of contamination can lead to a negative impact on steel quality. Therefore, after the membrane components have been grown to the required size, the material needs to be thoroughly washed to remove any contamination from membrane use. This end-of-life option is most suitable for membrane users with a large number of membranes, or when constant replacement is required. | ||
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The primary recycling method for end-of-life plastic components is mechanical recycling<ref name="a-vard" />, which involves the components being shredded into plastic flakes, which are melted and reformed via melt-extrusion, to produce uniformly-sized pellets which can be used as a raw material for new products<ref name="brulliard" />. This process requires the module to be disassembled and sorted prior to the plastic washing and grinding stages. Due to the requirements of mechanical recycling, only the ABS components, including the tube and end caps, and the spacers are suitable for this method, with all other components being sent to landfill or other end-of-life application<ref name="goodship" />. | The primary recycling method for end-of-life plastic components is mechanical recycling<ref name="a-vard" />, which involves the components being shredded into plastic flakes, which are melted and reformed via melt-extrusion, to produce uniformly-sized pellets which can be used as a raw material for new products<ref name="brulliard" />. This process requires the module to be disassembled and sorted prior to the plastic washing and grinding stages. Due to the requirements of mechanical recycling, only the ABS components, including the tube and end caps, and the spacers are suitable for this method, with all other components being sent to landfill or other end-of-life application<ref name="goodship" />. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Membrane comp graph.png|center|630px|Major components of RO membranes]] | ||
| + | ''Major components of RO membranes'' | ||
In Australia, the overall plastic recycling rate was 20.1% (in 2011), with the majority of plastics being mechanically reprocessed into durable (non-packaging) products<ref name="pacia" />. There are a wide range of companies and programs available for this standard type of plastic recycling currently available in Australia, including [http://www.sita.com.au SITA] and [http://www.aprecycling.com AP Recycling]. | In Australia, the overall plastic recycling rate was 20.1% (in 2011), with the majority of plastics being mechanically reprocessed into durable (non-packaging) products<ref name="pacia" />. There are a wide range of companies and programs available for this standard type of plastic recycling currently available in Australia, including [http://www.sita.com.au SITA] and [http://www.aprecycling.com AP Recycling]. | ||
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</body></html> | </body></html> | ||
Given the nature of the composite construction used in RO production, relatively simple conversion from an RO to ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is possible<ref name="lawler-2014-F" />. The structure of an RO membrane can be seen in the image below, and flat sheet UF membranes have an extremely similar construction, but are just missing the top polyamide layer. By chemically degrading the polyamide active layer with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), the polysulfone layer is exposed, resulting in a membrane with properties extremely similar to commercially available UF membranes<ref name="lawler-2014-G" />. | Given the nature of the composite construction used in RO production, relatively simple conversion from an RO to ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is possible<ref name="lawler-2014-F" />. The structure of an RO membrane can be seen in the image below, and flat sheet UF membranes have an extremely similar construction, but are just missing the top polyamide layer. By chemically degrading the polyamide active layer with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), the polysulfone layer is exposed, resulting in a membrane with properties extremely similar to commercially available UF membranes<ref name="lawler-2014-G" />. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:XsectionVn2 029-Edit.jpg|center|630px|Cross section structure of an RO membrane.]] | ||
| + | ''Cross section structure of an RO membrane.'' | ||
The method for chemical conversion of RO membranes has been optimised, with controlled exposure to 300,000 ppm.hr of NaOCl resulting in organic and virus removal properties, and hydraulic performance, comparable to commercially available 10 – 30 kDa molecular weight cut off UF membranes. Potential applications for the converted RO membranes include use in pre-treatment filtration in desalination plant, waste water treatment or for low cost water treatment in developing areas. | The method for chemical conversion of RO membranes has been optimised, with controlled exposure to 300,000 ppm.hr of NaOCl resulting in organic and virus removal properties, and hydraulic performance, comparable to commercially available 10 – 30 kDa molecular weight cut off UF membranes. Potential applications for the converted RO membranes include use in pre-treatment filtration in desalination plant, waste water treatment or for low cost water treatment in developing areas. | ||
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<html><head></head><body> | <html><head></head><body> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct membrane reuse." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct membrane reuse</h4></div> | + | <!--<div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct membrane reuse." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct membrane reuse</h4></div>--> |
| − | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-0 alert alert- | + | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-0 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a high quality seawater RO membranes." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a high quality seawater RO membranes</h4></div> |
| − | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-1 alert alert- | + | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-1 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a high quality brackishwater RO membranes." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a high quality brackishwater RO membranes</h4></div> |
| − | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-2 alert alert- | + | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-2 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a medium quality brackishwater RO membranes." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a medium quality brackishwater RO membranes</h4></div> |
| − | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-3 alert alert- | + | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-3 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a low quality brackishwater RO membranes." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a low quality brackishwater RO membranes</h4></div> |
| − | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-4 alert alert- | + | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-4 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a medium quality nanofiltration membranes" style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a medium quality nanofiltration membranes</h4></div> |
<div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | ||
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped table-responsive"> | <table class="table table-bordered table-striped table-responsive"> | ||
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To date, one US-based company, [http://www.watersurplus.com WaterSurplus], has recognised the potential directly reusing membranes. The company offers a wide range of surplus new, as well as used, cleaned and repackaged, RO, UF and NF Membranes and associated equipment. While a third party company managing the reuse process is helpful, it is not necessary for its success. The long term goal of this MemEOL tool is to develop a database of used membranes, which will help directly connect primary and secondary users. If you currently have membranes that you would like to provide for direct reuse, or are looking for low cost used membranes, please contact Pierre Le-Clech ([mailto:p.le-clech@unsw.edu.au p.le-clech@unsw.edu.au]) for further information. | To date, one US-based company, [http://www.watersurplus.com WaterSurplus], has recognised the potential directly reusing membranes. The company offers a wide range of surplus new, as well as used, cleaned and repackaged, RO, UF and NF Membranes and associated equipment. While a third party company managing the reuse process is helpful, it is not necessary for its success. The long term goal of this MemEOL tool is to develop a database of used membranes, which will help directly connect primary and secondary users. If you currently have membranes that you would like to provide for direct reuse, or are looking for low cost used membranes, please contact Pierre Le-Clech ([mailto:p.le-clech@unsw.edu.au p.le-clech@unsw.edu.au]) for further information. | ||
| − | Based on the inputs provided, the used membranes have been categorised in the table below. Please refer to this table for information about potential applications, quality ranking and expected reuse lifespan. | + | Based on the inputs provided, the used membranes have been categorised in the table below. Please refer to this table for information about potential applications, quality ranking and expected reuse lifespan. |
| − | + | </div> | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | </ | + | |
<html><head></head><body> | <html><head></head><body> | ||
| − | |||
<div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | ||
<table class="table table-bordered table-hover table-responsive"> | <table class="table table-bordered table-hover table-responsive"> | ||
| Line 795: | Line 798: | ||
<tr class=""> | <tr class=""> | ||
<th>NaCl rejection range (%)</th> | <th>NaCl rejection range (%)</th> | ||
| − | <th>Permeability range (L. | + | <th>Permeability range (L.m⁻².h⁻¹.bar⁻¹)</th> |
<th>Designation</th> | <th>Designation</th> | ||
<th>Action</th> | <th>Action</th> | ||
| Line 833: | Line 836: | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| + | <div class="recommendation reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | ||
</body></html> | </body></html> | ||
| − | </div><!-- recommended --> | + | ===References=== |
| + | <references> | ||
| + | <ref name="lawler-2014-H">Lawler, W.; Alvarez-Gaitan, J.; Leslie, G.; Le-Clech, P. "Assessment of End-of-Life Opportunities for Reverse Osmosis Membranes." The University of New South Wales (2015).</ref> | ||
| + | <ref name="pontie">Pontié, M.; Rapenne, S.; Thekkedath, A.; Duchesne, J.; Jacquemet, V.; Leparc, J. Desalination (2005), 181, 75-90</ref> | ||
| + | </references> | ||
| + | </div></div><!-- recommended --> | ||
<div class="panel-heading" alt="A suitable alternative is:">A suitable alternative is:</div> | <div class="panel-heading" alt="A suitable alternative is:">A suitable alternative is:</div> | ||
<div class="panel-body"> | <div class="panel-body"> | ||
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<div class="alternative landfill" style="display: none;"> | <div class="alternative landfill" style="display: none;"> | ||
Landfill is currently the industry standard for disposal of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes. Due to their mostly polymeric composition, membranes are considered inert municipal solid waste in the case of landfill disposal, with no degradation over a measureable time period. Therefore, disposal in landfill has the highest environmental impact of all the considered options, and should be avoided where possible; however, it is the simplest option, with minimal cost. | Landfill is currently the industry standard for disposal of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes. Due to their mostly polymeric composition, membranes are considered inert municipal solid waste in the case of landfill disposal, with no degradation over a measureable time period. Therefore, disposal in landfill has the highest environmental impact of all the considered options, and should be avoided where possible; however, it is the simplest option, with minimal cost. | ||
| + | </body></html> | ||
| + | [[File:Picture of old membranes brightened.jpg|center|x450px|End-of-life membranes awaiting transportation to landfill (Courtesy of NCEDA)]] | ||
| + | ''End-of-life membranes awaiting transportation to landfill (Courtesy of NCEDA)'' | ||
| + | <html><head></head><body> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="alternative incineration alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Energy recovery through incineration." style="display: none;"><h4>Energy recovery through incineration</h4></div> | <div class="alternative incineration alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Energy recovery through incineration." style="display: none;"><h4>Energy recovery through incineration</h4></div> | ||
| Line 953: | Line 966: | ||
</body></html> | </body></html> | ||
The use of polymeric membrane components as a substitute carbon source in electric arc furnace steel making process is a new end-of-life approach with many financial and environmental benefits, specifically in terms of diverting waste from landfill<ref name="lawler-2014-C" />. The use of waste plastic and rubber as a substitute for metallurgical coke has been extensively tested in recent years and has also seen commercial use<ref name="sahajwalla" />. This method has been specifically tested with membrane components and the results show that 64% by weight of membrane modules are compatible, including the membrane sheets, as well as the feed and permeate spacers<ref name="lawler-2014-D" />. | The use of polymeric membrane components as a substitute carbon source in electric arc furnace steel making process is a new end-of-life approach with many financial and environmental benefits, specifically in terms of diverting waste from landfill<ref name="lawler-2014-C" />. The use of waste plastic and rubber as a substitute for metallurgical coke has been extensively tested in recent years and has also seen commercial use<ref name="sahajwalla" />. This method has been specifically tested with membrane components and the results show that 64% by weight of membrane modules are compatible, including the membrane sheets, as well as the feed and permeate spacers<ref name="lawler-2014-D" />. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:EAF.PNG|center|371px|Electric Arc Furnace]] | ||
| + | ''Electric Arc Furnace'' | ||
A partial waste polymeric material substitute actually improves the process though increased energy retainment and promotion of the foamy slag, which help protects the electrodes and walls of the furnace. There are however strict requirements for feed quality for this process and any type of contamination can lead to a negative impact on steel quality. Therefore, after the membrane components have been grown to the required size, the material needs to be thoroughly washed to remove any contamination from membrane use. This end-of-life option is most suitable for membrane users with a large number of membranes, or when constant replacement is required. | A partial waste polymeric material substitute actually improves the process though increased energy retainment and promotion of the foamy slag, which help protects the electrodes and walls of the furnace. There are however strict requirements for feed quality for this process and any type of contamination can lead to a negative impact on steel quality. Therefore, after the membrane components have been grown to the required size, the material needs to be thoroughly washed to remove any contamination from membrane use. This end-of-life option is most suitable for membrane users with a large number of membranes, or when constant replacement is required. | ||
| Line 991: | Line 1,007: | ||
Recycling of the polymeric membrane components using standard methods has been shown to be one of the most environmentally favourable end-of-life options, with an extremely positive public perception<ref name="lawler-2014-E" />. | Recycling of the polymeric membrane components using standard methods has been shown to be one of the most environmentally favourable end-of-life options, with an extremely positive public perception<ref name="lawler-2014-E" />. | ||
| − | The primary recycling method for end-of-life plastic components is mechanical recycling<ref name="a-vard" />, which involves the components being shredded into plastic flakes, which are melted and reformed via melt-extrusion, to produce uniformly-sized pellets which can be used as a raw material for new products<ref name="brulliard" />. This process requires the module to be disassembled and sorted prior to the plastic washing and grinding stages. Due to the requirements of mechanical recycling, only the ABS components, including the tube and end caps, and the spacers are suitable for this method, with all other components being sent to landfill or other end-of-life application<ref name="goodship" />. | + | The primary recycling method for end-of-life plastic components is mechanical recycling<ref name="a-vard" />, which involves the components being shredded into plastic flakes, which are melted and reformed via melt-extrusion, to produce uniformly-sized pellets which can be used as a raw material for new products<ref name="brulliard" />. This process requires the module to be disassembled and sorted prior to the plastic washing and grinding stages. Due to the requirements of mechanical recycling, only the ABS components, including the tube and end caps, and the spacers are suitable for this method, with all other components being sent to landfill or other end-of-life application<ref name="goodship" />. |
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Membrane comp graph.png|center|630px|Major components of RO membranes]] | ||
| + | ''Major components of RO membranes'' | ||
In Australia, the overall plastic recycling rate was 20.1% (in 2011), with the majority of plastics being mechanically reprocessed into durable (non-packaging) products<ref name="pacia" />. There are a wide range of companies and programs available for this standard type of plastic recycling currently available in Australia, including [http://www.sita.com.au SITA] and [http://www.aprecycling.com AP Recycling]. | In Australia, the overall plastic recycling rate was 20.1% (in 2011), with the majority of plastics being mechanically reprocessed into durable (non-packaging) products<ref name="pacia" />. There are a wide range of companies and programs available for this standard type of plastic recycling currently available in Australia, including [http://www.sita.com.au SITA] and [http://www.aprecycling.com AP Recycling]. | ||
| Line 1,034: | Line 1,053: | ||
</body></html> | </body></html> | ||
Given the nature of the composite construction used in RO production, relatively simple conversion from an RO to ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is possible<ref name="lawler-2014-F" />. The structure of an RO membrane can be seen in the image below, and flat sheet UF membranes have an extremely similar construction, but are just missing the top polyamide layer. By chemically degrading the polyamide active layer with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), the polysulfone layer is exposed, resulting in a membrane with properties extremely similar to commercially available UF membranes<ref name="lawler-2014-G" />. | Given the nature of the composite construction used in RO production, relatively simple conversion from an RO to ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is possible<ref name="lawler-2014-F" />. The structure of an RO membrane can be seen in the image below, and flat sheet UF membranes have an extremely similar construction, but are just missing the top polyamide layer. By chemically degrading the polyamide active layer with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), the polysulfone layer is exposed, resulting in a membrane with properties extremely similar to commercially available UF membranes<ref name="lawler-2014-G" />. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:XsectionVn2 029-Edit.jpg|center|630px|Cross section structure of an RO membrane.]] | ||
| + | ''Cross section structure of an RO membrane.'' | ||
The method for chemical conversion of RO membranes has been optimised, with controlled exposure to 300,000 ppm.hr of NaOCl resulting in organic and virus removal properties, and hydraulic performance, comparable to commercially available 10 – 30 kDa molecular weight cut off UF membranes. Potential applications for the converted RO membranes include use in pre-treatment filtration in desalination plant, waste water treatment or for low cost water treatment in developing areas. | The method for chemical conversion of RO membranes has been optimised, with controlled exposure to 300,000 ppm.hr of NaOCl resulting in organic and virus removal properties, and hydraulic performance, comparable to commercially available 10 – 30 kDa molecular weight cut off UF membranes. Potential applications for the converted RO membranes include use in pre-treatment filtration in desalination plant, waste water treatment or for low cost water treatment in developing areas. | ||
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<html><head></head><body> | <html><head></head><body> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct membrane reuse." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct membrane reuse</h4></div> | + | <!--<div class="alternative reuse_as_ro alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct membrane reuse." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct membrane reuse</h4></div>--> |
| − | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-0 alert alert- | + | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-0 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a high quality seawater RO membranes." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a high quality seawater RO membranes</h4></div> |
| − | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-1 alert alert- | + | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-1 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a high quality brackishwater RO membranes." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a high quality brackishwater RO membranes</h4></div> |
| − | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-2 alert alert- | + | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-2 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a medium quality brackishwater RO membranes." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a medium quality brackishwater RO membranes</h4></div> |
| − | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-3 alert alert- | + | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-3 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a low quality brackishwater RO membranes." style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a low quality brackishwater RO membranes</h4></div> |
| − | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-4 alert alert- | + | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro reuse_as_ro_subheading reuse-4 alert alert-success" role="alert" alt="Direct reuse as a medium quality nanofiltration membranes" style="display: none;"><h4>Direct reuse as a medium quality nanofiltration membranes</h4></div> |
<div class="alternative reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | ||
<table class="table table-bordered table-striped table-responsive"> | <table class="table table-bordered table-striped table-responsive"> | ||
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Based on the inputs provided, the used membranes have been categorised in the table below. Please refer to this table for information about potential applications, quality ranking and expected reuse lifespan. | Based on the inputs provided, the used membranes have been categorised in the table below. Please refer to this table for information about potential applications, quality ranking and expected reuse lifespan. | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
<html><head></head><body> | <html><head></head><body> | ||
| − | |||
<div class="alternative reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> | ||
<table class="table table-bordered table-hover table-responsive"> | <table class="table table-bordered table-hover table-responsive"> | ||
| Line 1,094: | Line 1,111: | ||
<tr class=""> | <tr class=""> | ||
<th>NaCl rejection range (%)</th> | <th>NaCl rejection range (%)</th> | ||
| − | <th>Permeability range ( | + | <th>Permeability range (L.m⁻².h⁻¹.bar⁻¹)</th> |
<th>Designation</th> | <th>Designation</th> | ||
<th>Action</th> | <th>Action</th> | ||
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</table> | </table> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
| − | </body></html>< | + | <div class="alternative reuse_as_ro" style="display: none;"> |
| + | </body></html> | ||
| + | ===References=== | ||
| + | <references> | ||
| + | <ref name="lawler-2014-H">Lawler, W.; Alvarez-Gaitan, J.; Leslie, G.; Le-Clech, P. "Assessment of End-of-Life Opportunities for Reverse Osmosis Membranes." The University of New South Wales (2015).</ref> | ||
| + | <ref name="pontie">Pontié, M.; Rapenne, S.; Thekkedath, A.; Duchesne, J.; Jacquemet, V.; Leparc, J. Desalination (2005), 181, 75-90</ref> | ||
| + | </references> | ||
| + | <html><head></head><body> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
<div class="row"> | <div class="row"> | ||
<div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6"><div class="form-group"> | <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6"><div class="form-group"> | ||
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</div></div><div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6"><div class="form-group"> | </div></div><div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6"><div class="form-group"> | ||
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg btn-block memEOL-feedback">Leave Feedback</button> | <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg btn-block memEOL-feedback">Leave Feedback</button> | ||
| − | </div></div></div | + | </div></div></div><!--</div>--></div><!-- alternative --></div><!-- reuse_tool_section2 --> |
| + | </body></html> | ||
<div id="reuse_tool_section3" class="tab-pane panel panel-primary fade"> | <div id="reuse_tool_section3" class="tab-pane panel panel-primary fade"> | ||
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--> | --> | ||
</head><body></div></body></html> | </head><body></div></body></html> | ||
| + | <!-- | ||
[[Category:Major Resources]] | [[Category:Major Resources]] | ||
[[Category:Resources]] | [[Category:Resources]] | ||
| + | --> | ||
Latest revision as of 13:08, 23 August 2015
This membrane end-of-life (MemEOL) tool is aimed at promoting better practices in the desalination industry by helping users identify and select the optimum end-of-life option for their used reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. This dynamic and interactive educational tool uses inputs on membrane condition and the relative importance of a number of key criteria to provide recommendation and further information about available end-of-life options.
As user feedback is obtained, and more available end-of-life options are identified and characterised, this tool will become a powerful source of information for membrane users. Ultimately, this tool will include a membrane reuse database, which will allow users to find and contact groups with surplus membrane supplies, thus promoting and simplifying direct membrane reuse. This tool has a significant focus on the Australian desalination industry, but the primary information is highly applicable to countries around the world. Additionally, as the data sources for this tool are not case specific, it should only be considered an educational tool aimed at providing preliminary recommendations to users.